Biomineralization technology for solidification/stabilization of heavy metals in ecosystem: status and perspective

Biomineralization technology offers an eco-friendly and efficient method for stabilizing heavy metals (HMs) in ecosystem. This comprises two primary methods: microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) enzyme-induced (EICP). provides a superior alternative to stabilize due its low energy consumption, reduced carbon dioxide emissions, biocompatibility. In the process of biomineralization, metal ions precipitate co-precipitate with calcium carbonate, forming solidified stabilized product. Despite many advantages, little attention has been paid impact biomineralization on mitigation ammonia nitrogen bio-treated polluted water strength contaminated soil, limiting further applications ecological environment restoration. paper summarizes recent advancements solidifying (S/S) soil. Key factors inhibiting this method’s application include concentration combinations ions, water, properties Finally, recommendations optimization research experimental design S/S